Lifetime Health Consequences of Child Labor in Brazil

The health consequences of child labor may take time to manifest themselves. This study examines whether children who began working at a young age experience increased incidence of illness or physical disability as adults.. When child labor and schooling are treated as chosen without consideration of unobserved abilities or health endowments, child labor appears to have small adverse effects on a wide variety of health measures. Some adverse health consequences such as heart disease or hypertension seem unlikely to be caused by child labor. However, when we allow unobserved health and ability endowments to alter the age of labor market entry and years of schooling completed, the joint effects of child labor and schooling on health become larger while the less plausible health consequences lose significance. Results imply that delaying entry into child labor while increasing time in school significantly lowers the probability of early onset of physical ailments such as back problems, arthritis, or reduced strength or stamina. However, our methods are not able to distinguish between the health impacts of child labor from the impacts of reduced time in school.child labor; health; Wages; schooling; school quality; occupational choice

If Johnny Can't Work, Can Johnny Read Better?: Child Labor Laws, Labor Supply and Schooling Outcomes

The two most common state child labor restrictions are work permit requirements for teenagers and school dropout ages that are more stringent than federal requirements. If these laws are effectively targeted and enforced, children living in states legislating more stringent child labor laws should be less likely to work, should work fewer hours if they do work, and they should have better average schooling outcomes. Data show that stricter state laws do not lower significantly the likelihood that 14-15 year old youths work or the likelihood their hours exceed federal guidelines. Child labor laws do have small positive effects on academic outcomes. State work permit requirements modestly increase the likelihood of college entry while more stringent truancy laws increase marginally high school academic performance.dropout; child labor; legislation; GPA; college enrollment; truancy; work permit

High School Employment, School Performance, and College Entry

The proportion of U.S. high school students working during the school year ranges from 23% in the freshman year to 75% in the senior year. This study estimates how cumulative work histories during the high school years affect probability of dropout, high school academic performance, and the probability of attending college. Variation in individual date of birth and in state truancy laws along with the strength of local demand for low-skill labor are used as instruments for endogenous work hours during the high school career. Working more hours during the academic year does not affect high school academic performance. However, increased high school work intensity raises the likelihood of completing high school but lowers the probability of going to college. These results are similar for boys and girls, and so working during high school does not explain the widening gap in college entry between men and women.child labor; GPA; college enrollment; dropout; truancy age

A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Korea\u27s Advance Passenger Information System

Since the tragic 9/11 terrorist attack on the United States in 2001, many countries have been following the US\u27s decisions on the introduction of an air security program. At the heart of the program is the Advance Passenger Information System or the API system. Considering major developed countries\u27 stances and related international organizations\u27 efforts toward the API system\u27s advance, it seems that the introduction of the API system is expected to be a necessity or a kind of obligation both to border control agencies and air flight companies in the near future. However, this does not mean that the introduction of the API system is not without criticism or controversy. The controversy boils down to the questions of Is it really proven to be effective in increasing air security or Do the expected benefits exceed the total related costs?”. This paper is aimed at trying to answer these questions for the Korean API system. Three major benefits relating to departure, entry and transit management activities will be identified and estimated when possible. As will be shown in detail in the following sections, benefits from consumer convenience make up major share of total calculated benefits. Other values relating to \u27qualitative\u27 benefits are hard to calculate; for this reason, those benefits will not be counted into total numerical values. For the cost side of this analysis, personnel costs and system-related costs like user fees and maintenance costs will be considered. Besides these costs, API system establishment costs could also be counted. However, it seems to be hard to separate the API system establishment costs from all other immigration efficiency systems costs. In addition, the initial establishment costs do not look big on the annual basis, since its introduction was more than ten years ago. Private air carriers should also pay their shares of burden for establishing and operating the system. However, getting access to these private business data is limited and technically making calculation works too complex. Therefore, for balanced analysis, this paper only concerns about costs and benefits in the public sectors. Based upon this analysis, the total net values of the Korean API system reach up to $62,600 in the year of 2015. (The exchange rate-1,200won/dollar- between Korean won and dollar is applied on the basis of March of 2016 when this paper is written)

High School Employment, School Performance, and College Entry

The proportion of U.S. high school students working during the school year ranges from 23% in the freshman year to 75% in the senior year. This study estimates how cumulative work histories during the high school years affect probability of dropout, high school academic performance, and the probability of attending college. Variation in individual date of birth and in state truancy laws along with the strength of local demand for low-skill labor are used as instruments for endogenous work hours during the high school career. Working more hours during the academic year does not affect high school academic performance. However, increased high school work intensity raises the likelihood of completing high school but lowers the probability of going to college. These results are similar for boys and girls, and so working during high school does not explain the widening gap in college entry between men and women

If Johnny can\u27t work, can Johnny read better?: child labor laws, labor supply and schooling outcomes

The two most common state child labor restrictions are work permit requirements for teenagers and school dropout ages that are more stringent than federal requirements. If these laws are effectively targeted and enforced, children living in states legislating more stringent child labor laws should be less likely to work, should work fewer hours if they do work, and they should have better average schooling outcomes. Data show that stricter state laws do not lower significantly the likelihood that 14-15 year old youths work or the likelihood their hours exceed federal guidelines. Child labor laws do have small positive effects on academic outcomes. State work permit requirements modestly increase the likelihood of college entry while more stringent truancy laws increase marginally high school academic performance

Single-cell RNA-seq data imputation using Feature Propagation

While single-cell RNA sequencing provides an understanding of the transcriptome of individual cells, its high sparsity, often termed dropout, hampers the capture of significant cell-cell relationships. Here, we propose scFP (single-cell Feature Propagation), which directly propagates features, i.e., gene expression, especially in raw feature space, via cell-cell graph. Specifically, it first obtains a warmed-up cell-gene matrix via Hard Feature Propagation which fully utilizes known gene transcripts. Then, we refine the k-Nearest Neighbor(kNN) of the cell-cell graph with a warmed-up cell-gene matrix, followed by Soft Feature Propagation which now allows known gene transcripts to be further denoised through their neighbors. Through extensive experiments on imputation with cell clustering tasks, we demonstrate our proposed model, scFP, outperforms various recent imputation and clustering methods. The source code of scFP can be found at https://github.com/Junseok0207/scFP.Comment: ICML 2023 Workshop on Computational Biology (Contributed Talk